In Canada, leaders of major political parties generally resign as soon as they lose an election. For example, after the 2015 election (the Liberals won and the Conservatives lost), Stephen Harper resigned as leader of the Conservative Party. He was replaced by Rona Ambrose, an interim leader who was replaced by Andrew Scheer in 2016. Andrew Scheer resigned in 2020, shortly after losing the 2019 federal election, and was replaced by Erin O'Toole, who resigned in 2022, shortly after losing the 2021 federal election. Tom Mulcair, one of the most succesful leaders of the NDP party, also resigned after failing to win the 2015 election. To date, the NDP has failed to match the number of MPs that it elected in 2015.