Management consulting firms are third parties hired by organizations to provide consulting services to improve performance and/or meet organizational objectives. They provide professional advice about how management can improve and how operations can be made more efficient. Consulting firms have become a staple within the corporate world, and recently governments have relied increasingly heavily on their services and expertise for policy implementation and advice.  Management consultants often charge high hourly fees akin to other skilled professionals like lawyers.

Ethnic enclaves are urban areas with a high concentration of people from a particular ethnic background that are culturally, socially, and economically distinct from the majority. Examples include Brampton (Ontario), Punjabi Market (Vancouver,) Chinatown (Toronto), and Little Jamaica (Toronto).